This post will give you some insight into why federalism was adopted as the system of governance in Nigeria. REVENUE ALLOCATION IN NIGERIA: NEED FOR REFORM? Federalism is a defined or is said to be the system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere coordinate and are independent. Given the size of Nigeria, it lays claims to being the Giant of Africa. Many nations in the international community recognizes her as such. Nigeria has been dubbed as a product of British colonial suturing. ), Constitutionalism, Constitution Making and Constitutional Reform in Africa: Contemporary Perspectives from Sub-Saharan Africa, Chapter IX: The politics and policies of oil deregulation in Nigeria: Implications and policy suggestions. Even the masses in the rural areas of the country are allowed to participate in politics by electing their representatives into office. Bashar Abubakar Bukkuyum This is good 'nd thank you Blogger. Therefore, the adoption of a federal political framework in Nigeria was a necessity as the system was the only viable option for a multi-ethnic country like Nigeria. 1 Issue 2, BETWEEN THE PRISMS OF NECESSITY AND LEGALITY - THE IPOB PROSCRIPTION IN CONTESTATION_pp.43-57, RE-THINKING BIAFRA IDEOLOGY OF SELF-DETERMINATION IN NIGERIA, A (UN)JUST AND (UN)HOLY WAR? $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? Introduction In a statement on the 2015 Nigerian General Elections the Freedom House (2015a) congratulated Nigerians for an election that appears to be one of the smoothest and least violent in Nigeria's politicization of ethnicity or the ethnicization of the politics of state creation that Nigeria has witnessed in recent years. Another reason why federalism is adopted by any country is that of its population. In 1954, the Nigerian founding fathers opted for a federal system of government despite its inherent challenges in a pluralistic society. (eds. Abacha regime, added more states making Nigeria a federation of 36 states and Federal capital Territory at Abuja. The availability of resources in a particular region and the need for that area to control the resources has also been seen as a reason for a federal system in Nigeria. In a unitary constitution which opposes federal principles, everything belongs to the central government; the federating unit does not exist, let alone agitating for resource control. %PDF-1.5 Wheare who contends that it is a system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere cordinate and independent. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Federalism And Intergovernmental Relations In Nigeria. Best information base for latest information both national and international. However, that is not so in a federal government system. Asst. According to Ayoade (2009:iii): Nigerians have come to identify the first republic 1960- 66 as the golden age of federalism in Nigeria. Northern Cameroons should remain with Northern Nigeria but Southern Cameroon should be granted autonomy with a legislature of its own. The 1951 constitution gave more strength to regionalism with the creation of two chamber legislation in the northern and western Nigeria. Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. welcome, and thanks for reading us. This regional arrangement gave rise to ethnic sentiment and political struggle for the center among the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria. Such an act has constituted to one of the major problems of federalism thereby militating against the development of the nation. Consequently, the economic condition was one of the reasons that led to the adoption of federal systems of government in both Nigeria and South Africa. Besides the Big Three - Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. It was under the 1954 constitution that federal system of government was fully adopted. This prototype edition of the daily Federal Register on FederalRegister.gov will remain an unofficial informational resource until the Administrative Committee of the Federal Register (ACFR) issues a regulation granting it official legal status. 3l:rmO"XDhG%2| This paper exploits the growth benefits that ICT sector has provided and its impact on the Nigerian economy. Below are the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federal system of government: The major reason for the adoption of federal system of government in Nigeria is borne out of the historical experience that brought all the ethical groups together under one Nigeria. It is believed by many that this was one of the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federalist system. It will schock you to know Nigerias adoption of federalism was also in the interest of the leaders. government and the governed by enhancing political cohesion in such country with regional, ethic, racial, linguistic and cultural diversity like Nigeria. This was one of the major reasons for the creation of the newer and smaller states after the independence. In examining post-independence constitution-making in Nigeria, this chapter finds that military rule blighted Nigerias capacity to respond appropriately to the challenges of federalism. Naturally, federal system of government has some distinctive features namely: 1. Since federal systems have been formed for different reasons and to In other not to control only some parts of the big country, Nigeria, the colonial masters thought it wise to divide the country into different component units that will be represented in the government. reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Federalism was favoured among other systems of government in a bid to averting . This paper is a critical exploration of the current challenges bedeviling the Nigerian state, capable of heating up the polity and disintegrating the Nigerian project. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Keywords: Federalism, Nigeria, ethnic groups, federal character principle . sir Arthur Richards strengthened this proposal in 1945 and regionalism was introduced by his administration in 1946. The political parties involved in the first republic were more formed on a regional basis. Each state has the same level of self-governance. Federalism can be defined as a system of government in which political powers of the state are shared between the central government and other component units. by the federal or any state government. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is publishing this proposed rule to revise HUD's regulations for branch office registration requirements. Keep it up , Yes , I love it and I was sentitize on those reasons. . For this alone, one thinks in consonance with the conviction of dominant scholarship, that such clustering and bundling of diverse identities in an amalgamative sense, in the case of Nigeria, is too, an irreconcilable British experimentalism of the federal principle. was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of . It came about following the necessity for administrative convenience and managerial expenses. The construct of federalism, which originates with the concept of intergovernmental relations, dates back to the Greek civilization. 3 0 obj Also, the adoption of the Littleton constitution of 1954 laid further credence to . Then Nigeria was organised into a federation that had three regions. The possible reasons for the practice of federalism in Nigeria are several, and have, for instance, been presented as British imposition targeted at a post-colonial relationship, or as a. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Hon. There is no doubt that geographical factored are one of the influential reasons for federalism in Nigeria. Federalism, State creation and National Integration State creation like federal character, quota system, etc. It established that the resources of a particular state is not totally owned by the federal government. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Reasons for the Adoption of Federalism in Nigeria. As I have already explained, Nigeria is an amalgamation of three different regions with beliefs and customs. From that date, the concept of federalism incorporated the idea of patterned contact at two levels: at the governmental level between the participating units, and among the citizens of these different units (Dare, 1979:26). And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. /Resources << Rather there has been more challenges than benefits of this federal system. By way of conclusion, it is imperative to know that the reason why Nigeria is still practicing federalism today is because the system seems to be suitable for our political value and culture. So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. The first military head of state, General J.T.U Aguiyi Ironsi for instance was interested in a unitary Nigeria and he scrapped federalism. /F5 18 0 R Over the years the fiscal federalism in Nigeria has crystallised and remained . And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. or this it really helped me, Your email address will not be published. Parliamentary and Unitary system of government were in operation in Nigeria between 1914 and 1946. 19 more states were created in 1976 in order to score more political advantage by the Murtala-Obasanjo regime against those that favor General Yakubu Gowon. Promoters of the idea were of the view that the Full History of Nigerian Federalism. It concluded that the interplay of these variables leads to the degeneration of the national question and. /Width 371 Federalism did not return to Nigeria until after his death. Insecurity and the desire for union are the main reasons for the shift from unitary system of government to federal system of government in 1954. 7 Topics Revenue Allocation in Nigeria | Week 9. The fear of marginalization by the minority in a unitary system of government has, to a great extent, influenced the majority state support for federating states. For a better explanation of the theory of federalism, I highly recommend that you watch the video below. This paper recommends that there should be an overhaul of the political system through constitutional amendment process to expunge provisions that negate federalism and provide for implementation of true federalism. FRED EKPE F. AYOKHAI, Peter W I L F R E D Naankiel, This study, using content analysis, examined the impact of fiscal federalism and the struggles of ethnic minority groups in the Niger Delta on the trajectories of the national question in Nigeria. CLICK HERE To Pay With Debit Card ($15) GHANA - Make Payment of 80 GHS to MTN MoMo, 0553978005, Douglas Osabutey. Many Nigerian ethnic groups began to agitate for their own states. It argues that although deficient in popular sovereignty, the Constitutions legitimacy is moot since it is the operative law that governs the country. Nigeria and Ghana can not easily form a country chiefly because they are not geographically contiguous. If the desire to remain separate does not exist, the the association will not be federal but unitary with some delegation of powers to local government. To know more about various aspects of federalism in Nigeria ,you may read from . The states were later increased to 30 states. Thus, federalism seemed to be the only option left for Nigeria because it allows for popular participation in government. %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz First, how to properly place peoples, better still - indigenes and ethnic groupings, in their relevant socio-economic categories; that is, in line with the oil windfalls. /F2 9 0 R s" Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Despite the profound and lengthy discussions that have taken place on the subject for about four and half decades, consensus has not been reached concerning the optimal formula to adopt to achieve desired economic development . Why do nations federate?, what are the factors or conditions to have necessitated the adoption of federalism?, how is a federation to be organized?, how is power to be shared between the levels of government in a federation?, is federalism a means to an end or an end itself?, why do some federations succeed and others fail?. After nearly three decades of cumulative military rule, the country returned to civilian governance in 1999 under a presidential system of government. FOR CLIENTS OUTSIDE NIGERIA. The paper begins by placing the question in an historical context examines its different phases and characters. Unity of the country: 3.3 3. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 8 August. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government . Is there high propensity or likelihood of exclusion, marginalization and relative deprivation, which was to engender obsessive mutual antagonism? and Democracy in Nigeria, ISSUES IN NIGERIAN FISCAL FEDERALISM; THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRINCIPLE OF DERIVATION AND RESOURCE CONTROL. In federalism, there is accountability, there is transparency. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Now, because the level of the development of the productive forces was still at a rudimentary stage, the pervasiveness of commodity relations was equally at a low level. /Filter /FlateDecode There is a general opinion that Nigeria was formed because of the interest of the British and they had to govern the country under a federation system. The current problems facing the Nigeria government and the Biafra separatist agitators originate in the causes and the effects of the Nigerian Civil war (06 July 1967-15 January 1970). I love this article,very educating and interesting It should be noted that the Federal Military Government had earlier by fiat taken proceeds from offshore prospecting and drilling activities directly under federal eminent domain. Minority Marginalization 3.6 6. All these strengthen political bonds and gave Rice to unity in diversity. Minority Issues and the Creation of State | Week 10. The chief architect of this theory is Riker. } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br Peter W I L F R E D Naankiel, FRED EKPE F. AYOKHAI, Covenant University Journal of Politics and International Affairs, African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, African Journal of Governance and Development, Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, Institutional Engineering and the Survival of Nigerian Federalism, " Managing a Plural Society : the Boomerang Effects of Nigerian Federalism' Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics , 27, 1-2 (July 1989), 218-245, An Historical Interrogation of Federalism berlin, THE PRACTICE OF TRUE FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA AND THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, "The dawn of constitutionalism in Nigeria in Mbondenyi, M. K., and Ojienda T. In developing countries like India, Iraq and Nigeria, federalism has either failed to close developmental gaps and ethno-communal tensions among various states or, more worryingly, in some. This type of government is also known as a "federation" or a "federal state" in common parlance (eg., United States of America). Federalism will shape the long-term health and economic impacts of COVID-19, including plans for the future, for at least two reasons: First, federalism exacerbates inequities, as some states have a history of underinvesting in social programs, especially in certain communities. Historical experience 3.2 2. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. Policy Brief on the agitation for cessation of Biafra republic from the Nigerian state, response to the agitation and the options to address the issues. << These maladies have led to a renewal of the call for secession by the South-Eastern ethnic group of Nigeria for a Republic of Biafra, on the basis that they are being short-changed in the political cum socio-economic largess accumulating from the Centre. The Journal of Pan African Studies, vol.8, no.2, . It was subsequently, not until after the American constitution of 1787, that a new concept of federalism was introduced. It is also an undisputed fact that the Hausas and Yorubas fought Biafra to keep the unity of Nigeria. Problems facing the legal profession in Nigeria, History of the legal profession in Nigeria, Problems of Local Government in Nigeria And Solutions, 5 important Characteristic of customary law, Sources of Nigerian Law: everything you need to know. Also see: Differences between Cross-offers and counter-offers, five reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria. But nigeria today became the proudable and bearable country, At the heart of these crises are weak democratic institutions, which are sustained by bad leadership and a culture of impunity. endobj Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. The size of Nigeria is therefore managed and maintained with federalism. Biafrans who are geographically in the South and SouthEast of Ni-geria feel and believe that their economic and developmental prowess are not well represented in the Nigerian state, and this lack of representation leads to marginalization. That is often the reason why some adherents of Marx quarrel vehemently about such preordained classification such as: haves and have-nots; and the liberal minds grappling with, insisting not only that all hands are not equal, but that they must never, for whatsoever reason at all, be made equal - believing that that would tantamount to the highest injustice. In a Unitary system, the minority states cannot govern the entire region which is controlled by majority. Also, Read: Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Pillars of democracy: 7 Essential pillars of democracy. In Nigerias case, the tongues and tribes that made up Nigeria has one colonial history. A large body of literature exists on Nigeria's fiscal federalism particularly with reference to revenue allocation. Indeed, whatever scholarly connotations they bear, one strongly believes that they all enjoy one clear focus. Nigeria's independence was gotten and founded on the basis of a federalist system of Government. You are welcome dear reader. It is on this footing, herewith, that one can properly understand the rational for, and theory of federalism, what and why certain trends theme up federal-state relations in Nigeria, and the features of federal-state relations in Nigeria. 7. This is so because where federal principles apply, the various ethnic groups that cannot or dont form majority to produce large part may have the opportunity of governing themselves within their federating unit controlled by them. For citation see: http://www.cejiss.org/issue-detail/biafra-s-resurgence-state-failure-insecurity-and-separatist-agitations-in-nigeria. He is also a Developer with knowledge in HTML, CSS, JS, PHP and React Native. Federalism in Nigeria. Thus, Nigeria's federalism is not only complex but also hard to understand. The Plural nature of Nigeria. /F4 15 0 R Very often, the problem has appeared in twofold. He rejects the assertion that Political culture of Nigeria: 3.4 4. 3. 4 0 obj This has nexus with the particular sharing formula adopted. By the time Nigeria became a republic, the system of federalism was adopted and the country was considered as a federation of three regions. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. For instance, such noun phrases like: nationality, nation, citizenship, identity, ethnicity, ethnic group, indigene, state of origin, etc, are inherently conflict laden, with abundant intellectual understandings. Also read: Highest paying law firms in Nigeria. Federalism has been present in Nigeria since the former British colony was reorganized into a federation of three regions in 1946. Email Address.
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